We admire rare flowers for the beauty and alluring scents they bring to our personal and public landscapes.
But to the plant, flowers are a deadly serious business; the plant’s survival depends on the appeal of its flower to a distinctly non-human client list. Sensory-stimulating petals and odors have one purpose: to draw pollinating insects and animals to the plant’s reproductive organs, the stamens and pistil, housed inside the flower.
Bees, bats, birds, butterflies and other pollinators respond to different stimuli. Successful plants developed flowers that deliver the particular stimuli required to interest their pollinating partners, as well as hospitable physical traits, such as landing platforms for insects.
These 10 flowering plants face more reproductive challenges than most, resulting in their rarity.
Contents
- Corpse Lily (Rafflesia arnoldii)
- Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum)
- Flor de Muerto (Lisianthius nigrescens)
- Night-blooming Cereus (Cereus greggii, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus)
- American Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia)
- Sundews (Drosera)
- Butterwort (Pinguicula)
- Bladderwort (Utricularia)
- Red-hot Pokers (Kniphofia)
- Sea Holly (Eryngium)
10. Corpse Lily (Rafflesia arnoldii)
The largest flower in the world, Rafflesia arnoldii, is actually a parasite. It relies completely on its host, the Tetrastigma vine, to provide it with roots, leaves, stem and chlorophyll.
The corpse lily, as it’s commonly known, expends all of its energy working through the vine to produce a 3-foot (1-meter) diameter bloom and thousands of seeds.
Discovering the Corpse Lily
In the early 1800s, the British governor of Sumatra (then known as Bencoolen) was very interested in the diversity of life on the island. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles made many expeditions into the jungle and discovered, collected and documented numerous previously unknown plants and animals.
His friend, Dr. Joseph Arnold, accompanied him on one exploration in 1818, and together they discovered an enormous red flower with white spots and a disgusting odor.
The colonial explorers were lucky to happen upon the flower when they did. The bloom only lasts for three or four days. After that, it collapses into what rainforest photographer Thomas Marent describes as a “slimy black mass” [source: Marent].
Despite the fact that Raffles went on to establish Singapore and the Zoological Society of London, he is best remembered for his discovery of the corpse lily.
Life of a Corpse Lily
Native to the Indonesian islands Sumatra and Java as well as eastern Malaysia, this rare flower starts out as a cabbage-like bud on the root of the host vine and takes about nine months to mature and open.
A single flower can weigh up to up to 25 pounds (11 kilograms) and hold several gallons of nectar in a central cavern surrounded by five petals. It relies on carrion-eating flies and beetles for pollination, so the aroma it gives off is similar to that of dead, rotting animals.
The bizarre corpse lily is an endangered plant, but it seems to be its own worst enemy. The flowers are single sex and must be cross-pollinated to produce seeds, but female flowers are rare and don’t often bloom in the same area or at the same time as the male flowers.
If pollination is successful, the flower leaves behind a 6-inch (15-centimeter) round fruit that appeals to squirrels and tree shrews. They eat the fruit and scatter the thousands of hard, tiny seeds contained within it.
9. Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum)
As bad as the corpse lily smells, the Titan Arum is even worse. It’s earned the title “worst smelling flower in the world.” In its native Sumatra, it’s called “bunga bangkai” or “corpse flower” because of the odor of rotting flesh that it emits.
Like Rafflesia arnoldii, this unusual flower relies on flies and beetles to pollinate it. But that’s where the similarities end.
Where the corpse lily creates a giant flower without supporting structure, this corpse flower blooms a giant structure that conceals thousands of flowers. The plant grows from a large tuber that can weigh from 55 to 110 pounds (25 to 50 kilograms). The flowers emerge when the tuber is dormant.
This rare plant then produces a large, petal-like leaf, the spathe, which forms a vase. The outside of the spathe is green; the inside is the color of red meat. From the center of the vase, a tapered, column-like stem (spadix) grows straight up, reaching heights of 6 feet (2 meters) or more with a 3-foot (1-meter) diameter [source: University of Connecticut].
The base of the spadix supports thousands of smelly inflorescences hidden inside the spathe. Rows and rows of yellow male flowers grow above rows and rows of red female flowers. The spathe begins to open at night, leading researchers to believe that it relies on nocturnal flies and beetles for pollination.
The smell is strongest for the first 12 hours it’s open. The spadix gives off heat, possibly to further imitate a dead and decaying animal. The metabolic heat may also serve to spread the stench farther afield to lure in pollinators.
8. Flor de Muerto (Lisianthius nigrescens)
Flor de Muerto, a common Mexican perennial plant, is the closest thing nature has to a truly black flower. Nicknamed “the flower of the dead,” its tubular flowers hang downward from 6-foot [2-meter] stems in a seemingly wilted, withered state. The plant has black petals, black leaves, black fruit, black seeds and black pollen.
In a 2003 study, Kenneth R. Markham and associates determined the combination of pigments and light absorption that allows Lisianthius nigrescens to achieve its black color. It’s the only flower known to completely absorb all wavebands of both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light [source: Markham].
Though unusual, Flor de Muertos are far from rare flowers. They’re easily found growing on roadside embankments and pine or oak forests in the states of Hidalgo, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas as well as in Guatemala.
The real mystery is how it survives without the discernible aid of a pollinating animal. The second part of the Markham, et al. study was to determine what the “ecological consequences” of a black flower are.
The Mystery of Pollinating the Flower of the Dead
The flower’s form suggests that hummingbirds, moths or long-tongued bees would pollinate it. But the scentless black flower doesn’t possess any attributes to attract these animals.
Color perception depends on pigments, light and, literally, the eye of the beholder. This is all to say, humans, birds and insects see the colors of flowers differently.
Bees have UV, blue and green color receptors. They’re attracted to yellow and blue flowers, particularly those that reflect UV light. Researchers speculate that bees avoid the red flowers that attract hummingbirds because the flowers don’t reflect UV light and bees don’t process red.
To a bee, these flowers would appear black. Moths, who do their pollinating work at night, seek out light-colored, highly scented flowers. So how does L. nigrescens attract the type of animal that could pollinate it?
The researchers conclude that, “The problem of how this flower might attract the pollinators when it totally absorbs in both the UV and the visible [light] remains to be explained.”
7. Night-blooming Cereus (Cereus greggii, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus)
A dismal gray cactus sprawls across the sand. It sprouts a few ribbed, twiggy stems with fragile spines. It looks dead. And yet, sometime in June or July, this ugly waste will transform into the “Queen of the Night.”
Because in midsummer, a miraculous awakening takes place in the Sonora and Chihuahua deserts of Arizona, Texas and northern Mexico: The night-blooming Cereus cactus opens its white flower and perfumes the dry air.
More specifically, three species of night-blooming cacti — Cereus greggii, Hylocereus undatus and Selenicereus — become queen for one night. As the sun goes down, the cactus opens 8-inch long by 4-inch wide (20-centimeter by 10-centimeter), many-petalled white flowers with bright yellow stamens.
The fragrance can spread as far as 98 feet (30 meters) from the bloom. Through the night, hawk moths and other nocturnal insects feed on the nectar and cross-pollinate the flowers. In the morning, the flowers close up, never to open again.
New flowers may open on subsequent nights, but the festival of the night-blooming Cereus usually only lasts for a day or two. If the flowers are successfully pollinated, they develop an oblong, spiny, red-orange fruit.
The plant grows from a tuberous taproot that’s edible. Cereus greggii may provide an evolutionary link between a woody, non-succulent predecessor and modern succulents.
Growing Night-blooming Cereus as a Houseplant
It’s easy to root stem cuttings, but it’s a protected species, so don’t go trolling the deserts for one.
Get a 2- to 4-inch (5- to 10-centimeter) cutting from a friend, put it in sandy soil and moisten it. It should root within six weeks, but it will be two or three years before it’s mature enough to bloom.
To encourage flowering, put the plant outside under filtered light during the summer and fertilize it monthly from May to August. Water it regularly, but let it dry out between watering.
During the winter, keep it hungry and dry; don’t fertilize it, and be sure to let it go for longer periods between watering.
“This is the season where you want the plant in a spare bedroom — getting needed sunlight, but out of sight,” advise the specialty gardeners at the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service [source: University of Arkansas]. It’s a homely plant when not in bloom.
6. American Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia)
When the soil is too poor to provide enough nutrients to sustain the plant, what’s a poor flower to do? Turn carnivore, of course.
The first published documentation of the American pitcher plant, a native of southeastern coastal plains of North America, came from Florida in 1576. Much later, in 1793, noted American botanist William Bartram took the time to notice that vast numbers of insects got trapped in the little “pitchers” of the plant.
It wasn’t until 1887 that South Carolina physician and amateur botanist Dr. Joseph H. Mellichamp proved the carnivorous nature of this unusual plant through a series of experiments that conclusively showed that insects caught in the plant were digested and reabsorbed by the plant. Studies on this wondrous herb continue today.
Life Cycle of the American Pitcher Plant
Sometime between late February and May, depending on the species, lovely five-petalled flowers emerge from the ground. Nonlethal leaves appear shortly after the blooms. In yellows or shades from pale pink to red, the flowers nod downward from stalks of 1 to 3 feet (33 centimeters to 1 meter).
The scented blooms last from one to two weeks, attracting bees to pollinate them. It isn’t until the petals drop from the flowers (revealing attractive seed pods) that the deadly pitchers open. This delay protects the pollinators from being devoured before they help create the plant’s next generation.
Growing upright from the sandy, nutrient-sparse ground, the pitchers themselves could be mistaken for flowers. Many sport a ruffled “umbrella” over the opening of the tube. Red veins contrast with the lush, green foliage, making attractive and interesting patterns.
The appealing colors lure insects to the pitcher, which contains sweet nectar. And it’s here that the plot takes a sinister twist.
The deadly nectar contains a narcotic, coniine, which causes paralyses and can cause death. The drugged insects fall into the tubular pitcher. Because of the combined effects of the drug and the structure of the pitcher, they can’t crawl out.
In the bottom of the pitcher, the plant cooks up a soup of digestive acids and enzymes that break down the soft parts of the bugs. When the bug is as liquefied as it’s going to get, the plant reabsorbs the soup.
This is how it gets the nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and other nutrients that it needs but can’t draw from the poor soil it grows in. Ants, flies and wasps are some of the insects that fall prey to the American pitcher plant.
Of the original Sarracenia population in the southeast, only about 5 percent remains [source: D’Amato]. Pitcher plants take years to mature, but you can cultivate them in your garden.
Growing American Pitcher Plants at Home
There are many curious and beautiful varieties and a host of hybrids. You can start them from seeds or rhizome cuttings, as long as the rhizome has a few roots attached.
Sarracenia need a light, sandy soil. Carnivorous plant expert Peter D’Amato recommends a half-and-half mixture of sand and peat in plastic or glazed ceramic pots. As a southeastern bog plant, it needs wet soil and full sun with warm summers and mild winters.
If you live in a temperate climate, you can plant them outside in a bog garden. The plants will experience three to four months of dormancy in the winter, but in the summer, they’ll turn into “gluttonous pigs,” according to D’Amato. Indoor plants may need supplemental hand feeding of crickets or dried insects.
If you’re intrigued by the pitcher plant, keep reading to learn about the plant that Charles Darwin claimed interested him more than the origin of all the species of life on earth.
5. Sundews (Drosera)
Sundews range from the penny-sized pygmy species to the “giant” (Drosera dichotoma) that can reach 4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter. This rare, beautiful flower is large relative to the size of the plant.
They typically are white to pink, but some groups have orange, red, yellow or pale violet blooms. Most flowers are flat with rounded petals, but the profusely blooming lance-leafed Drosera adelae has star-like red flowers with contrasting white stamens encircling a yellow pistil.
In most species, the flowers bloom sequentially on pendant columns, beginning with the flower at the base of the column and moving toward the tip. Depending on the plant, stalks reach lengths of a few inches to 1 to 2 feet (30 to 61 centimeters) [source: D’Amato]. Many self-pollinate, but a few need cross pollination.
As lovely as the flowers are, the true interest of the plant lies in the leaves. These are covered in “hairs” tipped with a gland that secretes sticky goo. Most hairs are red, but on some sundews they are transparent with a bright red gland at the tip.
The goo looks like dew glistening in the sun and lures insects in for a drink. In 1578, English botanist Henry Lyte observed that the plant seemed to grow dewier as the sun grew hotter.
When insects land on the sundew, they get stuck in goo, a circumstance that prompts them to thrash about in an effort to get free. The movements bring the bug into contact with more sticky-tipped glands, until it’s effectively cemented to the plant. The hair-like tentacles then close around the insect and begin to digest it.
Sundews are native to North American bogs, but the highly adaptable 130,000 species thrive or at least survive on nearly every continent [source: D’Amato]. They can be found wherever there are wet, low-nutrient soils, whether that’s in the seasonal, semi-frozen bogs of Siberia or the extreme southern regions of New Zealand and South America.
Growing Sundews at Home
If you can see a sundew adding interest to your future, here are some tips to keep it thriving. If you plant Drosera in your garden, chose species whose native habitat is similar to what they’ll experience in the environment you provide.
If you live in warm-temperate, subtropical or Mediterranean climates, you’ll have the widest variety of sundews to choose from.
Some species, such as the cape sundews, rosetted sub-tropical natives, and giants like Drosera regia and D. multifida, are amenable to life on a windowsill. Provide them with cool, humid conditions and morning sunlight. Chose small species for terrariums. These little creatures need to be placed within inches of a fluorescent bulb to achieve their maximum potential. And don’t forget to feed them.
4. Butterwort (Pinguicula)
Butterworts or “pings” exist in most reaches of the Northern Hemisphere, with the most spectacular species being found in Mexico. There are about 70 species, many only discovered relatively recently.
They typically have a circular, rosette form measuring a few inches (centimeters) in diameter, and they may have a musty or earthy smell.
These beautiful, rare flowers bloom in spring and can last for months. Depending on the species, flowers are funnel-shaped, cupped or flat, and some have beards. There is only one butterwort, P. laueana, that’s known to have reddish flowers; most bloom white, deep pink, purple or yellow.
Pinguicula’s Greasy, Gluey Glands
As innocuous as it sounds, the butterwort hides a slippery secret in plain view. Lip-like flowers with a spur end (that probably inspired “Little Shop of Horrors” screenplay writer Charles B. Griffith) rise on simple stems several inches into the air.
But this small plant’s deadly secret isn’t its hungry-looking bloom. The real danger lies in the slick, tongue-shaped leaves that nestle close to the ground.
Pinguicula means “little greasy one” in Latin, and the leaves do have a greasy feel. Strangely, the greasy substance is glue, secreted by thousands of nearly invisible glandular hairs.
These glands work to secure insects; a secondary gland comes into play once a bug is caught. The sessile glands exude acids and enzymes that coat the insect and dissolve its soft parts.
The leaves of this extraordinary plant are slightly upturned on the edges, and some temperate climate species can increase the curl while the plant is digesting prey. It usually only happens when the plant is dealing with larger insects.
Researchers don’t think this slight movement has the same function that leaf movements in the sundews have; instead, it probably serves to keep the abundance of digestive juices from dripping off the edge of the leaf before the plant can reabsorb them.
A deep pool of juices is more effective for digesting large insects, and loss of the juices would also mean loss of the nutrients dissolved into them.
Growing Butterwort at Home
Pings are popular and easy-to-grow houseplants. You can start them from seeds or buds, and Mexican varieties will root from leaf cuttings.
All pings need perpetually moist soil and have a dormant or semi-dormant period in the winter. Put them outside for warmer months so their pollinators, hummingbirds and long-tongued insects, can get to them.
And don’t forget to feed them when they’re indoors. Their natural prey can be supplemented with fruit flies, ants and dried insects.
3. Bladderwort (Utricularia)
Little floating stomachs would be an apt description of bladderworts, the largest and most widespread genus of carnivorous plants.
These minute, aquatic beasts are found from Alaskan swamps to tropical regions, making their homes in wet, mossy trees, fast streams and seasonal deserts. When drought strikes, they transform into tiny tubers to ride it out.
The prolific and varied blooms of Utricularia can look like miniature orchids, irises, pea blossoms or buttons. Some of the 214 known species even have free-form blooms that can’t be likened to anything particular [source: D’Amato]. They flower in a wide range of colors and color combinations.
Lurking beneath the lovely blossoms, scattered among hairlike stems, are hundreds of pinhead-sized carnivorous bladders trailing trigger hairs into the water. The hairs alert the bladder that prey is near. Bladderworts feed on small aquatic insects such as water fleas and larger unfortunates like mosquito larvae and tadpoles.
How Utricularia Capture and Digest Prey
First, the prey tickles the trigger hair. Lightning fast, the bladder opens a trap door and sucks the animal inside, where digestive juices dissolve it. The larger meals don’t fit into the bladder; they get caught like an animal in a foot trap and are digested slowly, one millimeter at a time.
When the part inside the bladder is fully digested, the trap door opens and sucks a little more of the still-living victim inside. This continues until the entire animal is absorbed. The strong vacuum of the trap and the speed with which it acts eliminate any chance of escape.
As sinister as they are, plant enthusiasts value bladderworts for their flowers. They’re rootless, their stems and leaves are unimpressive, and when not blooming, the plant looks like slime.
But when they are blooming, they’re irresistible. All types, aquatic — terrestrial and epiphytic (growing on another plant, but not as a parasite) — are easy to grow as houseplants.
Growing Bladderworts at Home
Orchid bark and sphagnum moss create a good home for epiphytic plants. Use a half-and-half mix of peat and sand for terrestrial species, and add a cup of peat for each gallon of water your aquatic species will inhabit [source: D’Amato].
Most species need sunny conditions to thrive and flower. You can feed and water them at the same time if you use pond water, which contains the microscopic creatures Utricularia depends on for survival.
2. Red-hot Pokers (Kniphofia)
Hummingbirds don’t mind that Kniphofia resembles a giant toilet brush atop a leafless cane. They love the dozens of brilliant orange and yellow flower tubes that adorn the stalk. Kinder common names for this plant include Torch Lily and Red-Hot Poker.
Kniphofia is simply a beautiful flower — an ornamental plant without any of the quirky characteristics or bad habits of the flowers mentioned above. But its powerful appearance is sure to add interest to your landscape and draw comments from your neighbors.
The African native is closely related to aloe, but it doesn’t have any healing juices. Flower stalks that are 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 meters) in height grow from clumps of evergreen grass-like leaves.
Growing Red-hot Pokers at Home
The leaf clumps resemble tall ornamental grasses and may spread to 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter [source: The Garden Helper]. If you plant a mix of early, mid-season and late-blooming varieties, you can have torch lilies adorning your yard from May to October.
Kniphofia like temperate gardens; they’re hardy in USDA zones 5 to 10 if you provide winter protection in the colder regions. They need full sun and neutral soil with good drainage.
Hummingbirds aren’t the only wildlife who take nourishment from red-hot pokers, but the slugs and snails who feed on them will do damage. They make good cut flowers, and removing older blooms (aka deadheading) actually encourages the plant to produce more flowers.
You can increase your torch lily display from seeds or by plant division. If you want to start new plants from seed, let some flowers stay on the stalks near the end of their blooming season. Collect the seeds and chill them (with some moisture) in the refrigerator for six weeks before you try to germinate them.
After the chill period, you can start the seeds indoors at anytime, and you should start them early, since they can take up to three months to germinate.
If you want to divide mature plants, do it in either spring or fall. You’ll get a new plant faster this way, but you’ll sacrifice blooms for the next season. Kniphofia take two or three years after division to recover their full flowering potential.
So, when your neighbors beg you for a cutting from your glorious torch lily, offer them seeds instead.
1. Sea Holly (Eryngium)
If you’re into the blues, sea hollies will hit the top 10 in your garden. This odd-looking flower sports an elongated cone of tiny blue flowers on a platform of spiny light green bracts at the top of metallic blue stems.
Also known as Rattlesnake-Master, Sea Holm, Spiny Cilantro and Miss Wilmott’s Ghost, these hardy and semi-hardy perennials bloom in the latter half of summer. They’re big plants, ranging from 18 to 36 inches (46 to 91 centimeters) high with a one-foot (30-centimeter) spread.
They appreciate a little help through dry periods and may need staking if you live in a windy area, but they’re tough enough to look after themselves for the most part. They’re hardy to USDA zone 5.
Sea hollies are native to Iran and the Caucasus, but some species grow wild in the United States. They’re related to Queen Anne’s lace, parsley, fennel and anise. Although they have no fragrance, Eryngium attract butterflies. The flowers make an interesting addition to fresh-cut displays and dry well for dried arrangements.
Growing Sea Hollies at Home
Sea hollies need full sun and moist soil with good drainage. They grow from a deep taproot. This helps them survive droughts, but it makes them difficult to divide or relocate. Fortunately, they’re easy to grow from seed.
It may take a while to get them started, though. Collected seeds should be refrigerated for three weeks.
Once planted in the garden, it may take up to 10 weeks before the seeds germinate. New plants probably won’t bloom in their first year.
Before you put a lot of effort into this method, make sure that the sea holly you collect seeds from is a naturally occurring species. Hybrids or cultivars may be sterile, and are unlikely to grow true to the parent plant if they do germinate.
The Story of Miss Wilmott’s Ghost
We’ve examined a lot of strange flowers, but there’s nothing supernatural about the sea holly. It picked up the common name “Miss Wilmott’s Ghost” for a simple, amusing reason.
Ellen Wilmott was a noted British horticulturalist in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Her gardens at Warley Place were home to 100,000 expertly cultivated plant species collected from all over the world, many of which were named after her.
The story goes that Miss Wilmott was fascinated by the sea holly Eryngium gigantium. She carried seeds of this species in her pocket whenever she visited other people’s gardens. If she thought the garden was lacking in interest, she would secretly scatter seeds of the giant sea holly among the dull plantings.
The enigmatic flowers with ghostly bracts bloomed long after her departure from the garden and thus became known as “Miss Wilmott’s Ghost.”
This article was updated in conjunction with AI technology, then fact-checked and edited by a HowStuffWorks editor.
Rare Flower FAQs
What are some of the rarest flowers in the world?
The corpse lily (Rafflesia arnoldii) and titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) are among the rarest. Others include the ghost orchid, Franklin tree flower and the Rothschild’s slipper orchid.
Are there any flowers that exist as only one specimen or in very limited numbers?
The Middlemist Red is an example, known to exist only in a couple of botanical gardens globally.
What are some examples of endangered flower species?
The chocolate cosmos and Hawaiian hibiscus immaculatus species are considered endangered, with conservation efforts ongoing to protect them.
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<h3>Applying the Golden Ratio</h3>
<p>The Golden Ratio is a mathematical ratio of proportion that has been used in design and art for centuries. This ratio can be applied to garden design to achieve a pleasing sense of balance and order. You can incorporate the Golden Ratio by considering the proportions of different garden elements, such as the size and placement of focal points, seating areas, and plant beds.</p>
<p>By understanding and applying these design principles in your garden planning, you can create a space that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and enjoyable. Whether you’re starting from scratch or renovating an existing garden, these principles will help you achieve a well-designed outdoor space that you can truly call your own.</p>
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aphids, snails, and slugs. Use appropriate pest control methods, such as natural predators or organic pesticides, to protect your plants from infestations.
